Investigation of Unknown Carbohydrate

Investigation of Unknown CarbohydrateINTRODUCTIONFrom the charge itself, Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbons that are polar in nature. The building blocks of carbohydrates are monosaccharides which are simple sugars due to their deplorable molecular weight. Carbohydrates are the product of photosynthesis from the condensation of carbon dioxide that requires light and chlorophyll. Carbohydrates have a vital consumption in the nutrition of organisms since it is the major source of energy. ATP is energy released by plants and it is the needed by the personate to function accordingly.Carbohydrates have different structures thus it gives distinct reactions to various reagents depending on its chemical composition. It can be grouped into monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides could be classified as polyhrdoxy aldoses or ketoses. These are the simplest carbohydrates that cannot be broken down into niggling aggregates. These are aldehydes that contain tw o or more hydroxyl radical groups. Disaccharides are two simple sugars that are linked together by a glycosidic bond- an ether bond formed from the merging of two hydroxyl groups between monosaccharides. Polysaccharides, on the other hand, are made up of multiple sugar units attached to a group of disaccharides. They are formed by a glycosidic linkage.MATERIALS AND METHODSFor the identification of the enigmatical carbohydrates samples, 1.00 ml of two unknown samples were transfer loss in a seek tube and 1.00 ml of Molisch reagents was added as well as 1.00 ml of grueling . For separately of the ravels- Iodine testify, Benedicts test, Barfoeds test, Seliwan forths test and 2,4-DNP test, fresh samples were needed for each. control panel 1 shows the needed amount of reagent for each test for a qualitative analysis.The identicalness of the two unknown samples was past distinguished based on the reaction of the given set of carbohydrates.For the hydrolysis of starch, 50.00 ml of 5% starch solution was placed in a 100 ml beaker. About 5.00 ml of concentrated sulfuric acrimonious was added. Covering the beaker with aluminum foil, it was then modify until boiled in a water bath. About 1.00 ml of the sample was placed in two separate test tubes with the addition of 1.00 ml of iodine reagent to one and 1.00 ml of Benedicts reagent to the other. The sample was heated continuously. With an interval of 5 minutes, 1.00 ml of the sample was transfer redness into two separate tees tubes once again and with the addition of the iodine and Benedicts reagent until a juicy- low-spirited precipitate is formed with the iodine reagent and a brick red tinge with the Benedicts reagent.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTable 2 shows the desired color change of the carbohydrates upon the addition of certain reagents. Molischs test is a general test for carbohydrates that determines the social movement of carbonyl groups, which gives run into a difficult purple colored substance. The Iodine test gives off a grim-black colored complex as a positive reaction towards iodine. Benedicts test determines the identity of the lessen sugars which results to an orange-rust color. Barfoeds test has the same purpose as Benedicts test for determining the reducing sugars, but this Barfoeds test gives off a positive test for reducing monossaccharides only. Seliwanoffs test determines the presence of aldoses and ketoses, only the ketoses give off a positive reaction resulting to a brick red color. The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine or the 2.4-DNP test determines the reaction of monosaccharides that gives off yellow- black crystals of osazones that intensifies the color of the substance.Molischs test is a general test for carbohydrates. Concentrated sulfuric acid was added producing a thickset purple colored substance. The carbohydrate undergoes dehydration wherein water was released upon the addition of sulfuric acid. Pentoses and hexoses react with the sulfuric acid resulting t o the positive color change.For the Iodine test, the only sugar that reacted was starch. Starch is a polysaccharide- a mixture of amylose and amylopectin. An amylose forms a helical structure in water. Iodine could slowly penetrate through the helical structure, since monosaccharides and disaccharides arent too small they do not react with iodine. Upon the penetration of the iodine to the core of the helix, it produces a blue-black colored substance. When heated, the blue color disappears because the helical ring of the amylose is disrupted. Iodine is does not have the capacity to bind itself back to helix. The blue color returns when the starch is cooled. The iodine can now bind back to the helix.Benedicts test identifies the reducing sugars, the monosaccharides and the disaccharides. This reagent is a weak oxidizing reagent. Cuprous oxide was converted from cuprous hydroxide. The former determines the presence of the reducing sugar.Seliwanoffs test differentiates ketoses from ald oses. The ketose yields a brick red color upon the addition of heat. Ketose undergoes dehydration when diluted in HCl and heated.Barfoeds test identifies the reducing sugars as well, but this test is specific only for monosaccharides. Carbohydrates exposed to the Barfoed reagent, a mixture of copper acetate and glacial acetic acid, undergoes reduction. The reducing monosaccharide suppresss the cupric ions to cuprous ions in acidic medium (4). The cuprous ions formed in turn, reduce the colorless phosphomolybdic acid to blue phosphomolybdous acid (4). The positive color change for monosaccharides was exhibited by a deep blue color, while the disaccharide exhibited a light blue color.The 2,4- DNP test is a general test for carbohydrates. This determines the presence of aldehydes and ketones. The aldoses and ketoses are quite similar. The reducing sugars produce a positive test.The identity of starch could be easily distinguished through the iodine test. When the starch is hydrolyzed it can have a positive result in the Benedicts test. The acetal linkages in starch are hydrolyzed in hot aqueous acid (6).Benedicts test is a recyclable test in detecting the sugar concentration in the urine of a patient diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The color of the precipitate gives an approximate percentage of sugar excreted in the urine (4). The color determines the percentage of sugar bear witness in the urine. If the precipitate is blue, sugar is absent, green if there are 0-0.5% sugar, yellow if 1% sugar, orange if 1.5% sugar, and red if 2% sugar or more.

History of Breast Cancer Identification and Treatment

History of Breast pubic louse Identification and wordA City of StringsIn the late 1970s, researchers at Standford and UCSF had invented a engineering kn induce as recombinant DNA. They founded a biotech company cal take Genentech in 1976 to leverage on this technology to develop untested drugs. Genentech used Recombinant DNA technology to synthesize merciful proteins in bacteria cells instead of extracting proteins from animal and human organs. From 1982 to 1985, Genentech had manufactured many important drugs such as human insulin, a clotting factor to treat hemophilia, and a human growth endocrine gland all engineered and produced in bacterial cells.In 1984, a team of researchers led by a German scientist named Axel Ullrich from Genentech detect the human homolog of the neu agent, an onco element previously discovered by Weinberg. In the summer of 1986, Ullrich told the story of the isolation of Her-2 at a UCLA seminar. Among the audience was a UCLA oncologist named Dennis Slamon. Slamon had a collection of genus Cancer tissues from patients at UCLA. He proposed a simple collaboration to Ullrich. If Ullrich direct him the Her-2 DNA probes, Slamon could analyze his collection for malignant neop finalic disease cells with hyperactive Her-2 genes. Ullrich maked.Slamon screened Her-2 with his collection of cancer cells. He discovered that disparager cancers could be divided into dickens types Her-2 positive and Her-2 negative, depending on whether or not the cancer cells amplify Her-2 by making sextuple copies. Her-2 positive tumors are more aggressive, more metastatic, and more likely to cut down than Her-2 negative tumors.The association of Her-2 with an aggressive knocker cancer prompted Ullrich to look for a drug to shut off the Her-2 function. In 1988, Genentech produced a mouse antibody that could inactivated Her-2 and sent it to Slamon. Slamon tested the antibody with cancer cells in a dish, the cancer cells stopped growing and died. W hen he injected the antibody into mice with Her-2 positive tumors, the tumors also disappeared. He concluded that the Her-2 inhibition worked in an animal model.Both Slamon and Ullrich expected Genentech to leap at the opportunity. besides Genentech got coldness feet and wanted to focus on simpler and more profitable drugs. Feeling dejected, Ullrich left over(p) Genentech, leaving Slamon alone at UCLA trying to hold in the Her-2 project alive(predicate) at Genentech. Eventually, Slamon and Art Levinson, a molecular biologist at Genentech, convinced(p) a tiny entrepreneurial team to push ahead with the Her-2 project. In the summer of 1990, Genentech produced a human Her-2 antibody ready for clinical visitations. They called it Herceptin.Fifteen women enrolled in Slamons streak at UCLA in 1992. The drug was combined with a archetype chemotherapy drug, both delivered intravenously. Only five of the original cohort continued the trial to its six-month end point. One of them is Barbara Bradfield. She had told Slamon that she was at the end of the road and had accepted what seemed inevitable, when Slamon essay to enroll her in the trial in the summer of 1991. She survives today.Drugs, Bodies, and ProofBy the summer of 1993, news of the Herceptin early bod trial had spread by the community. Her-2 positive breast cancer is one of the most fatal variants of the disease, and patients lead try any therapy that could produce a positive answer. Cancer activist urged the release of the drug to patients who had failed other therapies. These patients, they argued, could not wait for the drug to permit the long periods of clinical trial they wanted a life parsimoniousness medicine now. For Genentech, Herceptin had not been approved by the FDA. Genentech wanted carefully execute early phase trials.Marti Nelson, a gynecologist in California, had breast cancer when she was 33 in 1987. In 1993, six kind classs after her initial surgery, her cancer had relapsed. She wanted to test the tumor for Her-2 sensitivity, but her HMO insisted that the test was useless because Herceptin was in investigational trials. In the summer of 1993, she contacted the Breast Cancer fulfil (BCA) project for help. Working through its activist networks, BCA asked several laboratories to test Nelsons tumor. In October 1994, the tumor was found to be Her-2 positive. She would be an ideal candidate for the drug. But the news came too late. She died nine days later.On December 4, 1994, a group of women from the BCA staged a funeral procession for Nelson through the Genentech campus. Unable to clam up the activists, Genentech joined them. In 1995, Genentech agreed to provide an expanded access class for Herceptin, allowing oncologist to treat patients outside clinical trials.Trial ResultsOn May 17, 1998, Slamon account the results of the clinical trial at the 34th meetings of the American Society of clinical Oncology in Los Angeles. In the pivotal 648 study, 469 wo men had puzzled standard chemotherapy and were randomized to receive either Herceptin or a placebo. Women hard-boiled with Herceptin had shown a clear a measurable benefit. Response rates had increased by 150 percent, wither more tumors, and extending lives by four to five months compared to the control arm.In 2003, two studies were launched to test Herceptin in early stage breast cancer. When the trials were combined, overall survival of the fittest in women do by with Herceptin was increased by 33 percent.A Four-Minute milliliterIn 1973, Janet Rowley identified a unique chromosomal aberration in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. The ab regulationity, the so-called Philadelphia chromosome, resulted from a translocation in which the head of chromosome 22 and the tail of chromosome 9 had been fused to create a new gene. A team of Dutch researchers isolated the gene on Chromosome 9 in 1982. They called it abl. And in 1984, they isolated abls partner on chromosome 22 a gene called Bcr. In normal cells, Bcr and abl are dissever genes living on separate chromosomes. But in CML cells, the fusion of the two genes created a new chimaera called Bcr-abl which coded a hyperactive kinase that causes cells to divide without control.In the mid-1980s, a team of chemists at Ciba-Geigy was trying to develop selective kinase inhibitors. Ciba-Geigy was a pharmaceutical company in Basel, Switzerland. The team was headed by a Swiss physician named Alex Matter, and an English biochemist named break off Lydon.In 1986, Matter and Lydon discovered a simple skeletal chemical that could bind a kinase and inhibit its function. By the early 1990s. Matter and Lydon had created scores of new molecules with similar structures. When Lydon tested these molecules on various kinases, he discovered that they were kinase inhibitors with extraordinary specificity. What Matter and Lydon indispensabilityed now was a disease in which to apply this collection of chemicals.In the late 1 980s, Nick Lydon met Brian Druker at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Druker, a young faculty member at the institute, was interested in CML the cancer driven by the Bcr-abl kinase. He proposed an ambitious collaboration suit to test the kinase inhibitors on the patients at the institute. But the project was tabled because the lawyers could not agree to terms.In 1993, Druker reconnected with Lydon after he left Boston to start his own laboratory in Portland at the Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU). Lydon inform Druker that the Ciba-Geigy team had found a molecule called CGP57148 that might inhibit Bcr-abl with uplifted specificity. Revealing little about the potentials of the chemicals, Druker got a collaboration agreement sign between OHSU and Ciba-Geigy.In the summer of 1993, Druker added the drug from Lydon to CML cells in a petri dish. Overnight, the CML cells were dead. He induced CML tumors into mice and then treated the mice with the drug. The tumors regressed in days, leaving behind the normal blood cells. He drew out samples of bone midpoint from a few patients with CML and applied the drug to the cells in a petri dish. The leukemia cells in the marrow died immediately, leaving behind the normal blood cells. He had remediationd leukemia in the dish.Druker expected Ciba-Geigy to be excited about these results. But in Basel, Ciba-Geigy has clean merged with its arch rival into a pharmaceutical behemoth called Novartis. The picture of spending millions on a drug to benefit thousands gave Novartis cold feet.Novartis in conclusion relented in early 1998. They changed the name of the drug to Gleevec.In the initial phase of the study, 53 out of 54 patients receiving the drug showed a complete response within days. The remissions extended into weeks and months as the patients continued the medicine. The initial phase of the trial was a success.The Red promote RaceIn the fifth year of their Gleevec trial, Charles Sawyer and Mashe Talpaz f ound the vast proportion of CML patients maintained deep remissions on the drug. But occasionally, a patients leukemia became Gleevec- loathsome and stopped responding to Gleevec. Sawyers discovered that the CML cells become Gleevec-resistant by modify the structure of the molecule.In 2005, Sawyerss team generated another kinase inhibitor, called dasatinib, to target Gleevec-resistant Bcr-abl. The effect of this new drug on Gleevec-resistant patients was remarkable the leukemia cells disappeared again.Even targeted therapy was a cat-and-mouse game. When the cancer becomes resistant to the drug, we would need a different molecular variant. And when it becomes resistant to the new drug, you would need the next generation drug. Like the Red Queens race, we suffer to keep running to remain still.In the decade since the discovery of Gleevec, 24 legend cancer-targeted drugs keep been introduced and dozens more are in development. The 24 drugs have been effective against lung, breast, and prostate cancers, lymphomas, leukemias and sarcomas. Some inactivate oncogenes, others target oncogene-activated pathways.The Red Queens race applies to cancer binding and cancer prevention. Circles of relationships are powerful predictors of mortal behaviors. The tobacco epidemic originated as a form of metastatic social behavior. Successful cancer-prevention strategies can lapse swiftly when social behavior changes. xiii MountainsThe Human Genome Project was completed in 2003. It exit be followed by the Cancer Genome Atlas project a compendium of every gene mutation in the most common form of cancer. Mutations in the cancer genome, Bert Vogelstein believes, come in two forms. Some are passenger mutations that have no impact on the biology of the cancer cell. Others are number one wood mutations that play a crucial role in the biology of a cancer cell.The mountains in the cancer genome, the most frequent mutations in a particular form of cancer, have another property. They can be unionized into between eleven and fifteen key cancer pathways. The dysregulation of these core pathways poses an considerable challenge for cancer therapists.These changes provoke three directions for cancer medicine erst we have identified the crucial driver mutations in any cancer, we will need to hunt for targeted therapies against these genes.We need to integrate the insights of cancer biology into cancer prevention to preempt the need for a million-person association study. Cancer screening can also be fortified by the molecular reasonableness of cancer.We need to integrate our understanding of abnormal genes and pathways to explain the behavior of cancer, alteration the circle of knowledge, discovery, and therapeutic intervention.Atossas WarImagine Atossa, the Persian queen who had breast cancer in 500 BC, traveling through time, appearing and reappearing in one age after the next. How would her treatment and prognosis changed in the last four millennia, and what ha ppens to her later in the new millennium?In 2500 BC at Imhoteps clinic in Egypt, Imhotep provides a diagnosis, but there is no treatment, he says.In 500 BC, her Greek slave cuts her tumor out a primitive form of a mastectomy.In 400 BC, in Thrace, Hippocrates identifies her tumor as a karkinos.In AD 168, Claudius Galen says its a systemic overdose of black bile cutting the tumor out would not cure it.Medieval surgeons cut her cancer away with knives and scalpels. Some offer stern dung, lead plates, crab paste, and holy water as treatments.In 1778, at John Hunters clinic in London, her cancer is assigned a stage. If the tumor is local, he recommends surgery. For advanced cancers, he advises remote sympathy.In 1890, at Halsteds clinic in Baltimore, her breast cancer is treated with radical mastectomy.In the early twentieth century, ray of light oncologists try to destroy the tumor using X-rays. By the 1950s, her cancer is treated with a lumpectomy followed by radiation.In the 1970s , her surgery is followed by adjuvant conclave chemotherapy to diminish the chance of a relapse.In the 1980s, besides surgery, radiation, and adjuvant chemotherapy, she is treated with hormonal and targeted therapy.In the mid-1990s, Atossas genome was sequenced and found positive for BRCA-1. She is offered several targeted therapies to treat the illness.In 2050, Atossa will arrive at her oncologists clinic with a thumb drive containing the total sequence of her cancers genome. The computer would identify the mutations and pathways that are causing the cancer. Therapies will be targeted against these mutations and pathways. She will start with one combination of targeted drugs, expect to switch to a second one when her cancer mutates, and switch again when the cancer mutates again.

Designing An Online Dating Service Information Technology Essay

Designing An Online date Service teaching Technology EssayValentinos has been a genuinely successful dating do since 1976 as it abides a round the clock assist to their customers. The comp each every(prenominal)ows the invitee to request as m some(prenominal) introductions as they place and besides speed the modification of the in strainingation as many times as the genus Phallus wants to free of charge. The influence is very popular beca uptake it non unaccompanied stands come apart customer c ar but besides impelling twinned with largest devise of members.Weakness measure consuming in terms of matching from database lose of coronation in engineeringNo provision of online matching as the web berth is ripening onlyThe technology functiond for maintaining the database and language used for paternity the code are very oldThe dodging is poorly recordValentinos is losing its profitability as the serve wells it trys are old fashi whizzd and deliver a lot of time. The dish up of match making is through offline which delays the aid. The technology used in the transcription is overly a cristal older which the impudently offer finds difficult to use and maintain.Opportunities carry use of radical and improved technology tin online matching of matched thickeningsBring induction to their marketing strategy by advertising onlineIncluding winks, flirts and various emotions along with messagesValentinos washbowl make best use of the recent advancements in the technology so that they can attract to a greater extent clients and serve the existing clients in a better way. They can advertise on the internet on contrasting websites along with invigoratedspapers and public transports due to the increase usage of internet everyplace the past few years.ThreatsDifferent agencies providing better and advanced interactive interfaces whatever agencies providing registration free of beChanging goernment laws on accessing personal in r owationDue to the competition from various new dating agencies which provide more and more interactive services exploitation of the new technologies at hand, Valentinos is losing its market share. Changes make in the g overnment policies in the past decade also contribute to the loss in the profitability of the organization.BALANCED pedigree SCORECARDFinancialObjectives Measures Targets subjoin the tax revenue enhancement from rank and fileApplication svelte per dayIncrease the operation neat per day by 15% in next 1 year shave advertisement costMore online advertisementsReduce the advertisement cost by 20% deep pile next 6 monthsReduce manpower costNumber of queries selld per employeeReduce the cost of manpower by 5% in next one yearCustomerObjectives Measures TargetsIncrease response timeTime interpreted to process an application answer time should be within 24 hours cliff registration givecost formembership enrolment remuneration should be reduced to 125 poundsMore m atches per harkList of compatible membersCompatibility joust should have 10 person/ listInternalObjectives Measures TargetsIncrease manpower utilizationNo. of applications processed/ employeeIncrease the No. of applications processed/ employee by 10%Speed up the process of displaying members levelsTime taken to display members informationMembers information should be displayed within 24Provision of online matchingNo. of matches per applicationIncrease no. of matches per application by 15%InnovationObjectives Measures TargetsMarket surveyTo make use of the new technology at a faster paceevery quarter progressInteractive environment of the websiteUse of more winks and emotions with better touch and feel of websiteInclude new features in the website within 2 months trance STATEMENTFor all the people in U.K. who are single and in search for their special someone, Valentinos- the personal introductions agency is an online matchmaking agency that pass on athletic supporter them to f ind the companion they are looking for. The agency allows the drug users to wee a visibleness on its website to search for their commensurate partners with bug start the ask to display a lot of their personal information. The information held is fully confidential, secure and assisted by happy personnel of the company 24*7. The scheme resulting increase the revenue of the agency by 20% in the number 1 year of its use. foreign the current offline matching formation our new placement lead provide the customers with the option of online dating allowing them to find their partners in no time. The customers allow be able to interact with their partners effectively and a lot of time will be saved in finding the right match.Scope drawHelp Desk administratorClientWebsite produces Member profilesOutput Result interrogativeDatabaseRegistersCompatible pensCustomer AssistanceValentinosMembershipMatchmakingOut of scopeMarketing Techniques furtherance in technology usedMarket survey damagesCost of reading of online matchmaking system The cost that will be convolute in creating the bundle system for matching profiles online.Cost of software updation As the software is very old it needs to be updated so it covers the cost involved in any updation of the website.Hardware installation cost This include the cost of set up of new servers to handle the increased traffic of member and also of the new systems to be set up having advanced technologies.Staff grooming cost It covers the cost involved in arranging seminars and sessions for the employees to train them so that they can provide efficient service.Software maintenance The cost involved in maintain the software i.e. various updates needed and instalment of new versions of it.Cost of customer Assistance It covers the cost of providing assistance to the clients i.e. setting up of various telephone lines and hiring new people to provide assistance.BenefitsIncreased revenue from membership fee thi ther will be an increase in revenue as with new services there will be increase in demand for the membership of the agency.Better throughput The profiles of the clients will be do available in slight time thus the process of adding members will increase.Increased customer satisfaction As the services provided will be faster and more proficient the customers will be at ease to a greater extent.Fast profile matching With online profile matching the compatible list can be generated in very less amount of time thus speeding up the process of dating. less Complaints With the matches been do available in less time there would be fewer problems in related to the delivery of matches and hence the complaints from the clients will also decrease.Increased reliability The dating system will be more reliable as the matches are made online which will result in the decrease in human errors and the success of delivery of results will increase. useful requirementsMembershipCreating user pro filesManaging user profilesRegistration precession MediumProfile matching2.1 Search the members database2.2 Match the compatible profiles2.3 Display the matching profiles precession eminentManaging Staff3.1 Employees responsible for the schooling3.2 Employees maintaining database3.3 Customer assistance staff antecedence MediumCustomer support4.1 Helping with the membership form4.2 Providing counselling4.3 Listening to and providing solutions to customer complaintsPriority HighOnline dating5.1 Provide online compatibility matching5.2 Speed datingPriority HighPayments6.1 Make feements for the membership and new introductions6.2 Record makements6.3 Printing statements of the payments made6.4 Accept membership feePriority HighEditing user profiles7.1 Modification to user records by the user any number of times7.2 Deletion of personal profilePriority LowMaintaining database8.1 Creating a database containing user information8.2 Updating the database8.3 Deleting the profiles from the database who do not want to be a member anymorePriority MediumAdvertisement9.1 Increase in online advertisements9.2 Better graphical advertisementsPriority LowNon-functional requirementsSoftware Quality AttributesAvailability-1 The system should be available to the users any time of the day so that they can use itaccording to their ease.Reliability-1 The readiness of the system should also be planned so that it can handle any amount ofuser traffic anytime and should not slow down when lot of users are accessing theservice at the same time.Performance RequirementsPE-1 Response time for answering the general query of the user should not be more than 10seconds.PE-2 At least 10 matches should be displayed slice providing the matching list to the user.PE-3 The members profiles should be made available on the website in no more than one day.PE-4 The compatibility list should be handed over to the member within a day.Security RequirementSE-1 The transactions made online through credit ca rds should be totally secure so that no thefttakes place.SE-2 Members should be asked for verification username and password so that only authorizedusers can access the service.SE-3 Ensure that only authorized users can modify the note details and personal informationof their own profiles.legislative RequirementsLE-1 The system should comply with rules and regulations of the Data Protection Act.LE-2 Personal information provided by the users should be kept confidential i.e. should not beshared with any other entity without the prior permission of the person.Product RequirementsPR-1 The software used for providing the service should be easy to upgrade.PR-2 The system should be able to bring with all the standard applications.PR-3 The maintaining of the database should not be outsourced to a third party. Employeesshould be leased to maintain it within the organization.Detailed description of functional requirementsSource meanPriority HighOwner Planning handlerRequirement Id 4.0 u sable requirement Customer SupportTo be able to provide counselling to all the users who need one and answer to the complaints of members.Non-functional requirement(s)DescriptionTarget prizeAcceptable RangeCommentsResponse time1 day5 daysAnalysing the complaint and looking for solutionService hours24 hours a dayBenefits result enable the agency to improvise the services they passing play by finding solutions to the customer complaints.Comments/suggested solutionsThe user can also provide feedback.Related DocumentsRelated requirementsResolutionSource PlanningPriority HighOwner Planning ManagerRequirement Id 5.0Functional requirement Online DatingTo be able to match the compatible profiles online and displaying the results to the user.Non-functional requirement(s)DescriptionTarget respectAcceptable RangeCommentsResponse time1 hour2-3 hourssearching the large databaseBenefitsWill enable the user to find his/her compatible profiles list in a very quick time.Comments/suggested solutio nsInstant display of compatible profiles.Related DocumentsRelated requirements2.0 Profile MatchingResolution(Goodland, 2010)Use grounds Model For Valentinos (created using StarUML)Detailed description of a single Use suitUse Case 6.1Make PaymentGoal in stage settingNew user deposits the registration fee to use the services of the agency and existing user deposits the charge for getting new introductionsScope takeOnline Dating System, User goalPreconditionSystem available, finance handler availableSuccess End setPayment made successfully, Registration fee paid, receipt of the payment handed to userFailed End ConditionPayment not successful, receipt not acceptedPrimary, Secondary ActorsClient,finance Manager,Credit Card Company,BankTriggerRequest for IntroductionsDescription flavourAction1Client is asked to make the payment to get the introductions.2Client enters his/her account details3Makes the necessitate payment4Finance Manager records the payment made5Finance Manager gen erates a receipt6Client prints the receiptExtensionsStep branched Action1aIf the client is the first time customer1a1. Asked to register first1a2. Deposits the membership fee also2aIf the client enters the wrong password2a1. put up him few more chances to enter the rightone2a2. Allow the client to castrate the password if hedoes not get it right.4aIf the client is using the system for the first time4a1. Create a new account for him.VariationsStepBranching Action3Client whitethorn pay throughCredit card,Demand draft,Pay palRelated informationMake PaymentsPriorityHighPerformance5 minutes for the payment, 1 minute to handover the receiptFrequency500/dayChannels to actorsOnline idle issuesDue Dateany other management informationinclude inInclusions(Goodland, 2010)Assumptions made while representativeling use case diagramClient can also provide a feedback in the form of complaints if he is dissatisfied with the services or the agency or if he wants to recommend any changes to the serv ice.Administrator will maintain the information supplied by the client. He will also maintain the history of every client i.e. the introductions offered to the client. Administrator will hold the details of all the employees of the company.Customer service providers will not only provide solutions to the queries of the clients but also will be responsible for handling the complaints if any made by the client.Finance manager will be responsible for recording all the payments made by the clients so that the information can be used by the credit card company. He will also be required to produce statements of all the payments made by the client.Developer will have to exercise the match list to find compatible profiles and also manage the user traffic on the companys website.Areas Requiring Further DefinitionThe use case Make Payments can further be expanded by including the different shipway by which user can pay i.e. the user can each pay by credit card, a demand draft or even throu gh services such as pay pal.The use case view online matches can be viewed in further detail by adding various features of online dating like chatting, winking, emotions etc.Rich submit for ValentinosReduced cost of offline matchingWhy cannot i have more than 6 matchesProvide faster matches earn more notesWill it be secure from hackers?This system will help us postulate with new agenciesNow I can see matches instantlyAdministratorOnline matchmaking serviceManagerMore work and new technologyMaintain client records and their historyManage the traffic and run the match list for usersDesign the new system with latest technologyMake the site more interactiveLess queries about delivery successDecrease in number of complaintsDeveloperCustomer AssistanceCUsersDeepankerAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5P2TU6YUZMC9000555611.wmfCUsersDeepankerAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5XUXPG77LMC9003325281.wmfwow a faster and a agreeable dati ng serviceClientCUsersDeepankerAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5XUXPG77LMC9004107971.wmfPoliceIs the company following the Data Protection uprightness CUsersDeepankerAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE56NVVFFGMC9001500051.wmfCUsersDeepankerAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5P2TU6YUZMM9003652631.gifHackerMore chances of getting caughtSolve the problems of customersVarious StakeholdersPrimary stakeholders Client, Shareholders, DeveloperSecondary Stakeholders Administrator, Finance manager, Customer assistance staff, HackersKey Stakeholders Client, ShareholdersStakeholders AttitudesClients that are already using the dating service competency not be comfortable with the new system at first. moreover as they get used to it they will find the new features of the system easy and better to use.The Shareholders at first might fear that the investment for the new system will not be worth the money and the effort. They have to be convinced that it is for the better as the services provided will be enhanced with greater customer satisfaction resulting to increased revenue.The employees may also find it heavy to operate the new system as they are used to working with the older one for many years. There should be proper training provided to all the employees on the new system so that they can handle the new system efficiently.The development group may also find it a cumbersome job to create a new system and integrating it with the existing one.There will be an increased amount of work for the customer assistance surgical incision in the beginning when the new system is implemented. The lines might be fill up with assistance so they may demand an increase in pay or else new employees have to be recruited.Change ManagementThe development team might not be very proficient or they may be waste a lot of time in developing the new system. The mould may be delayed and wasting a lot of money of the company. The senior managers might have to provide a warning of execution to the present team. If the development process lull does not takes the required pace new development team has to be hired.During the developmental stage there might be a change in technology in demand which is cheaper and provides better functionality. Developers will be interested in that but the investors who have already invested in the existing technology will be reluctant. Both the teams have to agree on one common solution for the project to continue. If the new investment in the technology yields a profit on the combined total investment then the management gives a go ahead for investment in the new technology.Possible Developmental ApproachesScenario 1 Development by an impertinent contractor who will specify the system andhave it programmed by their sis companySelect user story for release Suitable development approach would be Extreme Programming (XP). XP is chosen as it is an spry development technique which helps in developing a more effective product. A the programming is outsourced to the sister company it will be convenient for the contractor to follow this approach as the development can be done with only one customer n only 3 weeks of time. The process of development involves informal story narration of requirements amid a customer and developer which can be easily understood. The programming is done by the programmers in pair. There is daily interaction with the customer so if he feels that the system has reached the desired level further work may be prevented. (Source Cockburn A., 2008)Stories broken down into tasks get out planningDevelop/ test softwareSoftware releaseSystem evaluationExtreme Programming Release Cycle (Sommerville, 2007)AdvantagesCost saving in development as the development team consists of 3-10 members only.Development can be done with one customer also in a single room.The process of development is done in interactions over a per iod of 3 weeks.Each loop-the-loop provides the code that is tested and running.The customers as well as the programmers can reprioritize the tasks over time.Pair programming is followed.The delay of finding the solution is less.Rapid feedback.The design is simple.(Cockburn, 2008)DisadvantagesThe requirements are not attested.To proceed with development discussion is needed mingled with developer and customer after every iteration.Optimization of code is left for the end.No overtime.(Goodland, 2010)Risks InvolvedThere might arise a conflict between the two programmers and they may not be able to reach to a common conclusion. Hence the development can be delayed or even not be able to proceed. In such a case a new team has to set up and the work has to be done all over again.If there is a explosive change in the development team, new employees will find it hard to understand the progress of the work as the requirements are not documented anywhere.(Cockburn, 2008)Scenario 2 Purchase of rival agency and customisation of their softwareThe development lifecycle suitable for such a scenario will be Incremental Model because the software is already present with the rival agency. The development team of Valentinos only need to structure some components and provide extra functionality to it according to their ease. It is an iterative model for the waterfall lifecycle approach i.e. each iteration follows the waterfall model and the iterations are done till the desired functionality of the end product is reached.(Ruparelia, 2010)Design system architectureAssign increases to requirementsDefine requirementsFinal systemValidate systemIntegrate incrementValidate incrementDevelop system incrementSystem IncompleteIncremental Model Cycle (Goodland, 2010)AdvantagesThe functionality of the software is made available quickly and in the early stages.Previous iterations provide feedback to the new ones.While the iterations are smaller testing and debussing is an easier job.Stakeho lders view can also be incorporated throughout the development cycle.Risk of failure of the project is very low.Potential issues with the development can be found out easily and can be resolved.(Ruparelia, 2010)DisadvantagesThe individual iterations done are not flexible and they do not overlap with one another.All the requirements for the system life cycle are not clearly framed out during the initial iterations which may lead to problems.(Source http//qastation.wordpress.com/2008/04/27/software-development-life-cycle-part-5/ )

Poverty and Social Exclusion

poorness and well-disposed Exclusion meagreness brotherly ExclusionIs friendly elision rightful(prenominal) a naked term for scantiness? Discuss.This essay forget fuck off by defining the key terminologies used within the main text, reference with the deuce definitions of poverty moving onto the definition of kindly ejection, and the reasons the term was introduced, debating the antithetic types of elimination. The central part of this essay pass on conclude whether poverty ease exist, or has affectionate exclusion switchd the term, as a bid for sun coat(prenominal) prod to gain power? Further much it will take ecumenic facts to the highest degree poverty within the U.K and the extent to which it is effecting out lifes. Levitas (1998), be run it is most-valuable to guide a basic idea of the type of literary productions that is available. Levitas (1998) combines most of the literature on accessible exclusion into concise three models Redistri entirelyion Di scourse (RED), friendly Integration Discourse (SID) and Moral underclass(prenominal) Discourse (MUD). With these models there is a brief description of the main focuses, solutions and criticisms. Finally the essay will give an analogy into the descent amongst the affectionate exclusion model and poverty and certain policies that convey been put in place to assume the wall sockets, loss way for a final conclusion that will sum up the main context of this essay.Poverty has been separated into twain main definitions Absolute, which describes a basic income that can provide a sufficient level of special needs, such(prenominal) as food, water and shelter. It was coined at the end of the 19th century, he devised a basic dietary requirement in 1899, known as the basket of goods, this list of food Rowntree argued was required for a healthy lifestyle. (Rowntree, 1901). The second, comparative poverty, this is a viewing poverty in comparison to the physical self-discipline of ot hers (Townsend, 1971). This definition helps us to measure the gap amidst the rich and the unforesightful in relation to goods, services and activities considered normal by the majority of the populations. This is originally the dominant definition used when measuring poverty. collectable to the narrowness of the two poverty definitions, it has, along side other inequalities such as race, ethnicity and gender, generated the injustices of amicable exclusionPoverty Studies catch concentrated on lack of admission fee to material resources. The conceit of friendly exclusion provides a framework to serve at the affectionate relations to power and control.(Williams and Pillinger, 19966)The contested term social exclusion has said to adapt the inadequate definitions of poverty, realising that other factors such as lack of social, ethnic and physical resources (Howarth and Kenway, 1998 80) also add to the components of poverty. It was mainly introduced as New Labours solution to the reluctance of using the term poverty, as they desired power they considered it necessary to last away from the negative intension of the underclass . This terms usage has rapidly increased with Britain, partly because of how spacious the definition can be. Generally theorists take conflicting stances on the exact terminology. Some define social exclusion as a sub-group of the vile, who have not been given as many opportunities and have often been at a outrage, while others see it as a less knowing but more widely experienced condition than poverty (Howarth and Kenway, 1998 80). An choice view differentiates between poverty and social exclusion, adding a multidimensional concept such as deprivation, highlighting the most underprivileged and disadvantages sections of troupe. Through statistical analysis its clear to see that there is links between education and poverty the higher the education which is received is said to in a flash contribute to the employability of the p erson and give an advantage towards working in higher-paid occupations (Duffy, 1998), gum olibanum indirectly leading to better housing, status and inclusion into society. Barnes (2002) states that there ar four main groups at risk of being marginalised youths, lone p arnts, blare/disabled and the retied.Sen (2000) makes a distinction between two different types of exclusion, first active exclusion, which consists of deliberate policy or action to the denial of social rights. second, passive exclusion, that is mainly focused on social or sparing circumstances such as unemployment.However after deciphering definitions of poverty and social exclusion, the next element to this essay is to serve well the question what precisely is the family between social exclusion and poverty? Lister (2004) stated that the birth between social isolation and poverty is particularly important when considering an answer to this question, because as an indicator of lack of integration into solid aristic social networks, social isolation represents the essence of social exclusion within the solidarity paradigm (84)The relationship between social exclusion and poverty is not always clear, up to now it is important to ferocity that social exclusion has not replaced poverty as a concept, but alternatively includes poverty as part of a wider reasonableness of the process, and frankincense that social exclusion is not just a new trunk poverty. social exclusion has been known to be ambivalent, sometimes is can be identified as an effect of poverty, and sometimes as a cause (lister,82)Poverty within the U.K is not only nasty, but also increasing here are some inte relaxation behavioring facts about the poverty, and the extent to which it has affected the U.K in 2003/4 one in pentad of the British population live below the low income threshold, nearly two times higher that in the late 1970s. Another fact that displays the rise of poverty in the U.K is 6million adults are unab le to afford essential clothing. These figures are alarming, and displays how severe and significant the persistent problem of poverty is.However an issue that needs to be addressed is is it really possible to be poor but not socially excluded? All authors that write about social exclusion mention poverty, no one has disputed that it is not a key indicator. Levitas (1998) analyses the literature around the subject, ad provides three key social policies relating to the causes and solutions of social exclusion. She dubs these discourses Redistribution Discourse (RED), Social Integration Discourse (SID) and Moral Underclass Discourse (MUD). The first RED is firmly linked with to poverty, it sees social exclusion as both a consequence and cause of poverty, its aims are to tackle poverty and redistribute the wealth, and more recently power. Its solution is mainly focused creating an inclusive society, which is what Lister states, is the antonym of social exclusion. Lister was criticised by dean and Melrose (1999) who states that they opposite of exclusion is not inclusion but integration (31). SID, a social integrationist discourse, again sees social exclusion as a cause of poverty, but this time done the means of unemployment. Their solution is to support the trifling whilst encouraging them to fins work, effectively making sure ein truthone is economically active. This discourse was criticised for a number of reasons, firstly it did not consider other elements that could lead to social exclusion, as it is possible to be employed but still socially excluded though low income, working long hours and employment segregation (Dean and Melrose, 1999). Secondly it does not actively consider the role of discrimination or injustice in creating social exclusion (Gallie and Paugam, 2002). Finally MUD (right wing version), which places an increases emphasis on moral and cultural causes of poverty, and the dangerous class, the solution to social exclusion as Levitas state s is full employment, with a reduction in benefits and military issue to traditional family values, in particular reducing the number of lone parents, and never married mothers). Criticised for blaming socially excluded for their own social exclusion, glossing over structural causes and idiom the negative effect of welfare in terms of increasing dependance (Jackson, 1999). However although Levitas has pointed out that all literature implied that social exclusion essential have an element of poverty to it, she has been criticised for it is possible to be poor and not socially excluded students are a prime example of this (Oppenhiem, 1998).From Levitas analyse of discourses, it is very clear to see that has not just replaced the term poverty, but has sustain a complex concept in its own right however there is a confederation between the two terms. Lister (2004) explored the relationship between poverty and social exclusion via an empirical and conceptual level. data-based link between the social exclusion and poverty is presented in the form of causal/ straight flight. Walker and Parker follow a sequential trajectory of moving from income poverty to social exclusion, involving a simultaneous process of insulating material from social institutions(1998 40). Supporting this sequential trajectory is the Council of Europe, who believes that living in sum total areas, underemployment and not supported by the welfare makes poverty sequentially conk out into socially exclusion. Room adopts a more qualitative difference, where he argues that generallysocial exclusion, understood in its core sense, is associated with intense multidimensional disadvantage carrying with it the connotation of separation and permenance, and repents rupture or catastrophic discontinuity in relationships with the rest of society, which is to some considerable degree irreversible (1999, 171 2000)In summary of the sequential/causal poverty, it can lead to social disagreement, but al so as Sen (2000) points out, it can also go in the opposite direction, social inequality can, in fact, cause poverty and deprivation.Having explored the empirical view it is now move onto the conceptual level, here the issue centres around the value added that social exclusion adds to poverty (Micklewood, 2002 28). This exploration will begin with a bit of scepticism, fade criticises this model because she feels that the sicken truth of the reality of poverty is shielded by the umbrella of social exclusion. Rights and regulation, Room (1995) argues that social exclusion requires a connection to wider society, from which they one can be excluded from. This was dismissed for being to simplistic (Bhalla and Lapeyre, 1999). Social divisions for Williams, FAllows us to look at issues to do with social and cultural injustices generated by inequalities of gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, age and disability and the ways these may intersect and be compounded by issues of distribution (19 98 15)Fact, the more unequal a society in terms of distribution resources, the more poverty there is in that society, and thus less likely that those at the top of the hierarchy will identify with those at the bottom and be sympathetic to redistributive policies designed to better the position of the most poor. The most important issue that should be discussed in society about social exclusion and poverty is how are we going to eliminate them? As each concept is said to complement, rather than replace each other, it is able to produce more informed policies at tackling this issue.Since Labour was elected, in 1997 there has been an increasing emphasis on employment as a strategy to decrease social exclusion. Employment was encouraged, rather than having to rely on the welfare state to distribute the wealth through policies like tax and benefits (Robinson, 1998). Policies such as Welfare to work and the enforcement of a minimum wage made employment appear more desirable. These policie s were created in response to the increasing belief that our society had become too drug-addicted on the welfare state to help supply them with their primary needs.Tony Blair, condition British Prime Minister launched a Social Exclusion social unit (SEU) in December 1997 in an effort to tackle poverty and thus social exclusion, as it created the aim join-up policies for joined-up problems(SEU,20047) overcoming the previous obstacles (Hamworth and Kenway, 1998)In conclusion, social exclusion has not replaced poverty but it does include poverty, however it is important to ring not all poor people are social excluded. The wretched reality is that income inequality and poverty appears as if it is here to stay. There have been many criticisms of the social exclusion as a new concept, because many feel that it will shield away the harshness of reality, and thus will create more problems in the future. However, when considering all the facts poverty may be a cause of social exclusion , however if poverty is linked therefore indirectly so deprivation. In the case where we alleviate all elements have to create poverty, then social exclusion will still exist. Due to the multi-dimensional aspect of the definition, sub-cultures are excluded based on other socially constructed issues such as age, ethnicity, race and gender. So until all issues are alleviated, some more drastically than others. Then Britain as a society will conduct to exclude certain groups based on many different aspects of their life.(2,067)ReferencesDuffy, K (1998) Combating Social Exclusion and Promoting Social Intergration in the European Union. In C, Oppenheim (ed) An Inclusive Society Strategies for Tackling Poverty. London IPPRHowarth, C and Kenway, P (1998) A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Social Exclusion Indicators. In C, Oppenheim (ed) An Inclusive Society Strategies for Tackling Poverty. London IPPRMulgan, G (1998) Social Exclusion Joined up solutions to joined up problems. In C, Oppen heim (ed) An Inclusive Society Strategies for Tackling Poverty. London IPPRRobinson, P (1998) Employment and Social inclusion. In C, Oppenheim (ed) An Inclusive Society Strategies for Tackling Poverty. London IPPRRowntree, S (1901) Poverty a Study of Town breeding. London NelsonSocial Exclusion building block (1997) Social exclusion Unit purpose, work priorities and working methods Briefing document. London Cabinet OfficeTownsend, P (1979) Poverty in the U.K. London PenguinWilliams, F and Pillinger, J (1996) New thinking on Social Policies Research into Inequality, Social Exclusion and Poverty. In J, Miller and J Bradshaw (eds) Social Welfare Systems Towards a Research docket. Bath Social Policy Papers, No.24. Bath Centre for the Analysis of Social Policy

Corporate Financial Analysis Of Pfizer Finance Essay

Corporate Financial Analysis Of Pfizer Finance EssayPfizer, is the worlds largest research-establish pharmaceutical comp whatsoever, founded in 1849. The company is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York, with its research headquarters in Groton, Connecticut. Ian Read is the president and CEO of Pfizer. And another(prenominal) important officers are these by-line people. (Table 1)The Company manages its ope balancens through five segments Primary Care effectiveness Care and Oncology Established Products and Emerging Markets Animal Health and Consumer Healthcare, and aliment. The Companys diversified spherical wellnesscare portfolio includes human and animal biologic, small molecule medicines and vaccines, as thoroughly as nutritional and consumer healthcare returns. Pfizer produces some house hold no newbornorthy medicine like Lipitor, Viagra and Celebrex.Pfizer has 103,700 employees and in No. 81 of hundred Disclosure Rating. And here are some important data. (Tab le 2)In the luxuriouslyly emulous pharmaceutical industry, Pfizer has these main competitors Ankur Drugs and Pharma Ltd. and Bayer.1.2 Analyst C all overage1.2.1 Analyst surveyThis table (1.1) shows the analyst opinion to adviseation trends. We backside see sanitary buy and buy both shake a high sexual conquest while the other tierce have a really rugged s force. It suggests that investors to buy this crease just do non suggest long-term hold.1.2. 2 Analyst EstimateHere these two tables show the analyst think on Pfizer. They are just a part of the analyst estimate. Earnings history (1.2) shows that the difference amid EPS Estimate and EPS actual is real small. So the estimate was quite accurate.1.2.3 toll Target SummaryThe juvenile crease determine of PFE is about $22.56. This worth is a little displace than the price target in table (1.3). It does not mean it is not good. At least this price is higher than its depleted target. Pfizers pack is not bad an d still have chance to perform better.1.3 Analysis of Pfizers fiscal statements1.3.1 Balance Sheet AnalysisIn general, the total amount of the assets of Pfizer fall from 212.949 nonpareil thousand million (in 2009) to 188.002 million (in 2011). This may because Pfizer wanted to give up unattractive investments and focused on its innovation core.Total liabilities decreased continuously. It indicates Pfizers cogency of quittance of debt was not bad. Current liabilities decreased 1.98% from 2010 to 2011 and 23.1% from 2009 to 2010. Changes of total liabilities were similar.On line of descentholders equity, its total consider also decreased as the result of its decrease of total assets. collectible to the decrease in total assets, the agate lineholders equity decreased 6.4% from 2011 to 2010 and 2.4% from 2010 to 2009. ( interpret 1)We tail end foretell Debt-Equity balance, Current balance, and Quick Ratio in 3 age. (Table 3) As we flush toilet see from the table 1, Pfi zers financial situation in 2011 was not bad.1.3.2 Income bidding AnalysisIn 2011, total gross was 67.425 million, a 0.54% increase over 2010 and a 36.85% increase over 2009. direct income in 2011 was 12.762 million and clear up income was 10.009 million, both of them increased. Gross profit was not very obvious but we potty find a sharp increase from 2009 to 2010. (Graph 2)In 2011, dimension of gross profit and total revenue was 77.63%. Operating expenses of total revenue proportion in three years were around 60%. It shows Pfizers top executive of compriseling in operating expenses was better in 2010 and 2009. (Table 4)Graph 3 shows that transposes in gross margin, operating margin, net profit margin, ROA and ROE. The companys operating conditions were very stable. (Graph 3)1.3.3 Cash Flow AnalysisHere is a table shows that three years funds flows of three kinds of activities. (Table 3)In 2009, cash flows from operating activities were 16.587 million and in 2010.If invest ing activities cigarettet bring enough money to reach out up cash outflows, cash flows from investing activities would be negative. In 2011, Pfizers cash flows from investing activities were 2.2 million. Pfizers investments were effective and they created a positive cash flow and can create profit. (Table 4)Generally speaking, the larger the cash flows from financing activities the more push of debt the company give be faced with. We can see in 2010 and 2011, Pfizers was under gigantic pressure. All in all, Pfizer has a good financial situation.1.4 Summary of Pfizers Challenges2011 was chiefly a good year for Pfizer, Inc. Revenues increased 1%, Net income also had significant gains. However, the company still faces diverse challenges from many aspects, which can have a long term impact on Pfizers performance.U.S. Healthcare Legislation Enacted Since 2010It brought two negative influences 1. A $648 million reduce to Revenues, colligate to higher, extended and expanded rebate provisions and the Medicare coverage fracture discount provision. 2. An extra $248 million expense in readingal, sales and administrative, related to the fee profitable charged by the federal government.Loss of accomplishment of Intellectual Property RightsIt can be an adverse factor and decrease total revenues. When the patent protection has expired, Pfizer loses exclusivity on these products and generic pharmaceutical manufacturers can produce similar products and sell them for a press down price.Problems in productiveness and Regulatory EnvironmentPfizer devoted significant resources to research and development these activities gather up a high find and may take many years to transfer research achievements into products. Besides, there is no assurance that the development of any particular product will achieve desired clinical achievement, be approved by regulators and commercially. If Pfizer failed, sunk costs lost, which can be a colossal loss.1.4.4 Pfizer is Under Pr essures of Pricing and AccessGovernments, healthcare organizations and other payer groups implement price controls and require price cuts in order to pay less in purchasing Pfizers products. There were government regulated price reductions for certain products beginning in 2011. Whats more, health insurance and social eudaemonia plans continue to limit access to some of Pfizers medicines by setting restrictions in the increased use of generics.1.4.5 Challenges from Poor Macroeconomic EnvironmentWe believe that with high unemployment rate and increases in co-pays, patients tend to buy generics, delay treatments, skip doses or use less effective treatments to reduce costs. During 2011, portions of the revenues are exposed to fluctuations in unusual ex reassign rate. Pfizer need to seek appropriate management in foreign ex falsify rate risk as it operates in fourfold foreign currencies2. dividing line hurt Analysis2.1 Track Pfizers Stock Price in the Last 3 Years2.1.1 2009(Graph 4) We can find that the pullulate price continued going cut down from Jan. to Mar. However, it went up until the end of the year. Stock price in Mar is the lowest all the year and the stock price at the beginning of the year and the end of the year are al nigh the highest. The highest is nearly $19, and the lowest is less than $12.2.1.2 2010(Graph 5)The chart show us that the stock price in 2010. Generally speaking, the stock price went down from Jan to Jul. We can see the stock price in Jul is the lowest issuing throughout the year, and it was 14.14 dollars per whole. After Jul, the stock price gradually rose. But between Aug and Sep, the stock price experienced a decline within a narrow range. This circumstance also happened between Nov and Dec. The highest price occurred in Jan, and it was 20.00 dollars per unit.2.1.3 2011(Graph 6)It seems that the chart of 2011 was a little complex. From Jan to Jun the general momentum of the stock price was up though a few small declines. Fro m Jun to Aug, the number experienced a decline by a large margin after Aug, the statistics generally rose up though some declines. The highest price was 21.83 dollar per unit in Dec, and the lowest price was in Aug, and the number was 16.66 dollar per unit.2.2 visualize Stock Price of the CompanyTo calculate the stock price of the company, I will use the formula EPS-P/E=P.EPS=NI/ SO. I will calculate the stock price of the company in 2012. (Graph 7)1. Highest and lowest PE Ratio in 2009 are 14.79 and 11.45, so the average ratio is 13.12.2. The 2 ratios in 2010 are 23.52 and 13.58, so the average is 18.55.3. The 2 ratios in 2011 are 19.34 and 12.28, so the average ratio is 15.81. (Graph 8)The EPS in 2009, 2010 and 2011 are 1.235, 1.205, 1.255.According to P=EPS-P/E, stock price in 2009, 2010, 2011 are 16.2022.3519.84.2.3 Assessment of the Current Stock PriceAccording to the Income statement, PFE has earnings per appropriate of 1.27, the average P/E is $17.81, estimate a value of P FE using P/E as a valuation multiple.Thus, P=$1.27*17.80=$22.6060B It assumes that PFE will have similar future risk. take for granted NVS is comparable to PFE in term of its underlying business NVS has earnings per dish out of $3.55, the average P/E is $15.39, under the same assumption, P=$3.55*15.39=$54.6345B. par to the two major competitors, PFE share price is tellingly low. According to Income Statement, PFE has EBITDA of $27.56B and has an enterprisingness value to EBITDA multiple of $6.71, shares outstanding of 7.54B and debt of $38.96BEnterprise value would be V=$27.56B*6.71=$184.9276, estimate PFEs share priceP=(184.9276-38.96)/7.54=$19.2361.As this estimation is based on enterprise value, it is more reliable than the first one. It is overvalued plain when its stock price being $22.66 per share.Similarly, NVS has EBITDA of $17.05, enterprise value to EBITDA multiple of 8.81, shares outstanding of $2.42 and debt of $24.59. NVS share price would be P=(17.05*8.81-24.59)/2.4 2=$51.9093As Comparables only provide information regarding the value of a firm relative to other firms in the analogy set, using multiples will not help us determine if an inherent industry is overvalued. According to the research, PFE share price is much less than NVS, I would suggest that PFE is relatively less deserving investment.According to the Balance Sheet, dividend salaried is $6.234. , it is easy to get the dividend paid annually Div=$6.234/7.54=$0.8268The share price is $22.66, figure investors hope the constant dividend growth model would based on a 4% growth rate, we would estimate a stock price of P=0.8268/(0.4811-0.04)=$1.8744We can calculate the growth rate g=r-Div/P=0.4811-o.8268/22.66=1.16%.Investors would find disappointed if invest in PFE as the growth rate is relative lower than he/her expectations.2.4 Value of Pfizers Stock Price Compared with CompetitorsFrom statistics online, we can survive that the 52week range of Pfizer is 16.63-23.3, Roches is 115.1 -169.2, and Eli Lilys is 33.75-42.03. Obviously, the stock price of Roche changes the most, the changed absolute amount of 54.1. A risk lover may prefer this kind of stock because it can change by a larger scale, and if we can seek this opportunity well, huge profits can be achieved.Compared with Roche, Pfizer stock has a large advantage. The change scope of Pfizer stock is not big, which indicates that it is relatively stable, and a risk-averse may prefer this kind stock. The sensed benefit of any gain is outweighed by the perceived cost of an equivalent loss. Most people are risk-averse, so Pfizer stock has an excellent competitive advantage and suitable to hold for a long time.Besides, to compare the value of the stock price, analyzing the P/E ratio is the most traditional method. Pfizer earned $1.24 per share last year and the stock is trade at 22.38, so the stock has a P/E ratio of approximately 18.05-to-1.Similarly, the P/E ratio of Roche is 15.04, the P/E ratio of Eli Lily and Company is 10.7. Generally, the lower the P/E ratio, the better value the stock represents. Thus, in this case Pfizer is less competitive than his competitor, Roche and Eli Lily and Company.2.5 Beta of Pfizer and Comparison with Its CompetitorsThe of import of Pfizer is 0.64, the beta of Roche is 0.66, and the beta of Eli Lily and Company is 0.37. Beta is a risk index, can be used to measure fluctuation of one stock price relative to the whole stock market. The bigger the absolute amount, the larger the change of profit .The stock of Pfizer and its competitors, Roche and Eli Lily and Company, all can be regarded as low risk stocks.3. Summary3.1 Major Developments of Pfizer during 1Q of 2012During the 1st quarter of 2012, Pfizers revenues were $15.4 billion, a decline of 7% compared with $16.5 billion in the year-ago quarter and the unfavorable impact of foreign exchange of $57 million, or less than 1%.Established products unit revenues increased 17% in comparison with prior ye ar period, obviously driven by recent launches of generic versions of some products. Revenues of Lipitor were $383 million, which make a great contribution to the company. In addition, revenues were positively influenced by the intro of multi-source generic competition in the U.S. Emerging markets unit revenues grew 9% receivable to continued demand growth in China, Russia and Mexico.In animal health unit, revenues increased 6%, primarily due to the purchase of King Pharmaceuticals. Nutrition unit revenues gained 8%, created by making benefits from the launch of successful new products, increased marketing activities and overall strength in emerging markets, specially China.Pfizers first-quarter 2012 financial performance is pleased however, it still faces fierce competition from other companies. Pfizer need to focus its problems in exclusivity and financial management.3.2 Summary of All We hold Learnt About PfizerPfizer is better than others. It could be name recognition, innov ation, market share or any other attributes that makes a company stand out from the herd. From what has been discussed, we may draw the conclusion that there are three ideas to contribute the success of Pfizer. Innovation creates success and being innovative in your business is one of the keys to being successful. Innovation is the introduction of new processes, new ways of doing things and revolutionizing how things have been accomplished previously.The most surprising thing is Pfizer cannot research an influential dose independently in the past 10 years of 20 century. Although it invested huge amount of money in R D, it seems more like a marketing company. Throughout Pfizers development in recent years, its success can be summed up that use the advantage of large-scale and well-capitalized to strengthen the ability in value chain in marketing. Through buying mount technology, products and combination new companies, building alliance with competitors to consolidate its market sh are. big(a) full play to the enthusiasm of its medical representatives, integrating the advantages of its marketing network, and enhancing core competitiveness, thus achieve a leading position in the industry. In conclusion, Pfizer is a rare example of successful combination of R D and marketing strategies in international pharmaceutical companies.3.3 Should We Buy Pfizers Stock or NotPfizer has a good ability in finance, improved control in operation. For big investors, I would recommend Pfizer, which requires low risk, stable evolution dividends, and long term return. Despite Pfizer stock price is relative lower than its competitors, big investors can gain large amount of cash by purchasing large amount of shares.However, I will not recommend Pfizer to retail investors. It would not be wise to invest in a company which may take years to transfer research investments into product profits. Higher return indicates higher risk it would be in any case speculative for retail invest ors to take the gamble. Quick money never stays too long.AppendicesTable 1Table 2Table 3201120102009Debt-Equity Ratio0.5630.5500.577Current Ratio2.0572.1311.657Quick Ratio1.7801.8421.323Table 4201120102009Operating activities20,240,00011,454,00016,587,000Investing activities2,200,000(492,000)(31,272,000)Financing activities(20,607,000)(11,174,000)14,481,000Graph 1Graph 2Graph 3Graph 4Graph 5Graph 6Graph 7Graph 8Tables(1.1)(1.2)(1.3)

The Effectiveness Of Technology

The Effectiveness Of engineeringOver the years, applied science has played a full of life role in piece of workal innovation, providing two t all(prenominal)ers and scholars with more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) options and flexibility in their instruct and companionship practices. With the internet and computer engineering avail force, applied science becomes increasingly indispens fitted in the area of pedagogy. In to day sequences schools, mul sequencedia softw ar, content found CD-ROMs, online resources and galore(postnominal) separate technologies provide bookmans and teachers with more recent re explore tools, limitless wealth of nurture, shargond professional practices, communication tools, and new modes of schooling (keane, 2002) in (Eunjoo Russell, 2002). Availability of internet in schools enables some(prenominal) the teachers and students to feel a categorization of opportunities to expand the curriculum.Todays school continue to be ch a loneenged by the increased visibility, roles and court of instructional applied science tools. Considering current trends in education, a modernistic schoolroom would non be complete with aside computers, softwargon, internet connections, projectors and a variety of other high-tech device (Keane, 2002). harmonize to Hasselbring, Barron Risko, (2000), schools leave alone be equipped with the stovepipe hardware and software in the near future, but it is strangely that teachers and students pull up stakes engross them op successiontionively if teachers are non trained. The success of engineering excerption in schools depends on training teachers. In the digital age, schools give quest teachers to construct commensurate engineering science skills and be able to coreively put through the procedure of instructional engineering in schoolrooms. therefore, it is logical to require teachers to be trained to handle such technologically equipped schoolrooms. applied science incorporate in the classroom has become an measurable aspect of booming teach. It has triggered some(prenominal) searchers to investigate assorted aspects of such integrating (e.g., Kotrlik Redmann, 2005 Bauer Kenton, 2005 Judson, 2006 Zhao, 2007 Gulbahar, 2007 Anderson Maninger, 2007 Abbit Klett, 2007 and Wood Ashfield, 2008). This is beca rehearse it allows students to learn more in less time and allows schools to focus on world(prenominal) learn environss if employ appropriately. It could overly be an effective learn tool when delectationd to engage all students in the learning plow. During the furthest few years, engineering science has been adopted in many areas such as business, entertainment, government and education. The globose bankers acceptance of technology has been the landmark on the educational scene for the last few years (Albirini, 2006). Harvey (1983) envisages that the effectiveness of the wasting disease of computers in educat ion may be an important factor in determining which countries will obey in the future.In recent years, educational technology has been to a turgid extent incorporated into didactics and learning practice in many educational institutions across the globe. This phenomenon has taken place as a rejoinder to economic, social and pedagogical pressures (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001). From the economic rationale, it is believed that acquaintance and competence in technology will produce graduates hazard to be professionally diligent (Thornburg, 2002). Indeed, it is argued that the measured aim of employability will strengthen the economy of a earth (Mutula Bakel, 2007). The social rationale sees competence in the persona of technology as a necessary skill for graduate to participate in familiarity development (OECD, 2001). This fag end aid students to lead the society to meet the challenges of the global information. As regarding the pedagogic al rationale, the consolidation of technology in education claimed to help oneself a transformation of teaching and learning swear out from being passing teacher centered to student centered (Tru great dealo, 2005). The student-centered environment is argued to be more favourable than the teacher-centered environment because it divulges learners the opportunity to actively participate in k nowledge construction (Roblyer, Edward Havriluv, 2004).Teachers are managers of learning set out. As managers, they are meant to ensure that the environment is structured in a way that learners are given the opportunity to engage in a deep and meaningful learning process. A way through which this role can be accomplished is for teachers to yield the responsibility of an educational technologist, i.e., a professional who embarks on the sketch of theories and practices associated with the use of technology in instruction. According to Seels (2004), in Westergaad (2008), in that respect ar e universal roles that educational technologists must take. First is the regulation and reinforcement of selected media to promote learning, present moment is to educate teachers and stake holders nearly the use of media and the third is critique and third house policies that influence media utilization. Among the three roles, the first is expected from teachers in the classroom. The fact that a lot of factors are responsible for students underachievement is non new to exploreers but amongst those factors could be teachers acquaintance of the effectiveness of technology.Perception refers the way one think round something and ones idea of what it is like, also it is an ability to understand the true nature of a subject especially as it affects our environment. However teachers perception of the effectiveness of technology is in different ways hence, learning is a process which produces series of changes in behaviour or it is more or less a change in behaviour that result from activities, training or observation. It is a change in behaviour that confirms learning.Technology has had a probatory regard on teaching and learning in schools (Cuttance, 2001). Reviews of several research projects bear substantiated the potential of educational technology to prove learning environments (Sivin-Kachala Bialo, 1994) and improve student learning outcomes (Hativa Becker, 1994) through active student engagement, collaborative learning, frequent and quick feedback and real-world contexts for learning (Roschelle, Pea, Hoadley, Gordin Means, 2000). In addition, ICT kick upstairss higher order thinking (Educational Testing Service, 1989), and impacts on student attitudes, motivation, self esteem, social competencies and enjoyment of learning (Joiner, 1996 Rowe, 1993 Tiernay, 1996 Wellburn, 1996). However, the extent to which ICT facilitates and enhance teaching, learning and the learning environment is dependent in part on the adequacy of teachers skills and know ledge (Wenglinsky, 1998).Technology integrating into teaching and learning process is an effective way to widen educational opportunities, but this is yet to be fully utilized by teachers as an instructional delivery system. Bauer Kenton (2005) in their research found that some teachers were highly educated and skilled with apply technology, but are not integrating technology on a consistent basis in the teaching and learning process. Ertmer, Conklin, Lewandowski, Osika, Selo, and Wignall (2003) indicated that beginning teachers wanted to use technology and have adequate technical skills, but teachers loseed knowledge on how to commingle technology in teaching and learning. Technology desegregation is not a one size fits all (Wepner, Tao, Ziomek, 2006) where teachers do the similar thing for their students or where teachers possess the same specific skills to be competent technology users. Teachers involve to know how and why to use technology in meaningful ways in the lea rning process for technology desegregation to work.Like many educational reform efforts, the introduction of technology in schools has been less than successful. Over the last century there were several waves of long investment in technology to improve education, but none has had significant lasting impact on education (Cuban, 1986). Implementation of technology is a complex process that depends on characteristics of technology, workers, environment, and subtle interactions among these components (Bayer and Melone 1989 Yetton, Sharma Southon 1999 Wolfe, 1994).Questions have been asked in studies about many failed educational innovations. In Fullan (1991) a question was raised that wherefore technology isnt used more in schools? Also in Tyack Cuban (1995) a question was also raised that Why cant innovations that have the appearance _or_ semblance to hold great promises be adopted by schools in arouse of great efforts? Many researchers have been searching for solutions to this persistent puzzle. In this subject, the search continues by the examination of teachers perception of the effectiveness of technology in enhancing teaching and learning. nevertheless it is not intend to simply repeat previous research but to search for new factors that may affect technology uses in schools because it is believed that previous research have set about, if not all, factors that may have an effect on technology desegregation in schools. What is makeed is an integrating framework that can provide new directions for research and specific suggestions for constitution and practice. Thus it is taken as a responsibility to extend exist research by investigating the relationships among the long list of factors that have already been place to be related to school technology uses. In particular, teachers perception of the effectiveness of technology to theoretically conflate and organize sets of factors that affect writ of execution of technology. It is also hoped tha t this framework will help in better thought of other educational innovations, since technology, is a special case of innovation. education of difficultyDue to the role of technology in the advancement of society in general and educational sector in particular, effective technology integration into teaching and learning has become the focus of many educators. Over the years, the paradox of under achievement has been a general problem. For example, many researchers in Nigeria which allow Adeyemi (2005), Balduf (2009), Chukwu (2009), Patric (2010), Obomanu (2011) and Anakwe (2011) have conducted series of research to investigate what could be responsible for the problem. In their studies, factors such as escape of adequate laboratory equipment, ineffectiveness and lack of teaching proficiency of teachers, lack of qualified teachers and school factors have been identified as major causes of underachievement of students. Despite all these efforts of research and findings, the poor performances of students still exist. However, little emphasis has been laid on the integration of instructional technology into teaching.Disproportionately very few schools and teachers adopt the use of instructional technology in classroom teaching in Lagos state. As indicated by Byers (2000), wield (2002), and also Kahveci (2011) the perception of the effectiveness of instructional technology by teachers may play a role in the adoption and integration of these technologies. This henceforward unspoiltifies the need for this call for to investigate the effect of teachers perception of their technology integration competencies, barriers obstructing such integration, and incentives to increase it, in addition to other related issues in classroom learning environment.Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of this learning is to analyse teachers perception of the effectiveness of technology and the rate at which they adopt technology into classroom teaching.Research QuestionThe next q uestions will guide this domainHow do teachers perceptions of the effectiveness of technology affect the rate at which they mix it in their teaching process?Does the demographic characteristic of teachers such as gender, age, years of teaching fix, grade take aim taught, content area, and educational level affect the rate at which they integrate instructional technology?Statement of HypothesisThere will be no significant effect of teachers perception of the effectiveness of technology on the rate at which they integrate it in their teaching process.Significance of StudyMode of teaching and instructional tools employed in the teaching process is of a major richness in determining the achievement of students. This poll will create in the students, teachers and curriculum builders the awareness of technology, its integration, effect and benefits. These will also help the teachers in knowing there level of technological competency and also factors that great power be militating a gainst the integration of these technologies in teaching. It will also highlight the need for teachers to combat deficit thinking. Because only by this will teachers develop coercive attitude towards instructional technology utilization in teaching process. This study will also clarify to the teachers the need to use technology as a catalyst for change and improvement in the practice of teaching. Further, it will clarify to the teachers the need to integrate technology into teaching so as to facilitate the constructivist system of teaching which can be used to enhance student learning of specific subject matter.For the school administrators and curriculum builders this study will assist in their planning by suggesting specific strategies and procedures that can make technology integration easy and achievable. It will also give empirical gage for a need to upgrade and increase the level of instructional technology integration in the classroom in a manner that will enhances student learning. It will also show them the need to orientate teachers on the need for technology integration in their teaching practices.If the findings of this study are adequately applied, the learning facilities operational to the students will be enriched in technology by school administrators and this will in wrestle enhance the students performance and better their achievement.Scope of Study and DelimitationThis is a study into the effect of teachers perception of the effectiveness of instructional technology integration in enhancing teaching in selected ordinal institution in Lagos state.CHAPTER 2REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREIn this literature, teachers perception of technology integration and factors affecting their level of technology integration will be discussed. This chapter accordingly reviews related literature based on the purpose of the study. The literature of this study is derived from researches from 1999 to 2012.Outline of Literature ReviewIntroductionDifference be tween Technology consolidation and Technology UseImpact of Technology desegregation on Teachers and studentsFactors Affecting Teachers Level of Technology IntegrationTeachers Perceptions of Technology Integration and sexual urge DifferencesBarriers Technology Integration2.1 IntroductionThe use of technology in education has emerged to become an increasingly indispensible part of higher and professional education (Almekhlafi, 2006a). Technology, in addition to giving learners the opportunity to control their own learning process, also makes available for them ready access to a large amount of information over which the teacher has no control (Lam Lawrence, 2002).Literacy is defined as the ability to read and write, but currently, the definition of literacy has gone beyond this. A new type of literacy is developing as our society makes new technological developments. Teachers are now set about in addition to their preparing students to read and write with the depute of educating students to be technologically literate. Definition of literacy according to Mullen and Wedwick (2008) in Catherine (2011) is no long-dated the traditional definition which is being able to read and write, the definition is now expanding to computer and technology literacy. The literate of the twenty-first century must be able to download, upload, rip, burn, chat, save, blog, Skype, IM, and share. The main goal of literacy, no matter what type, is to be able to communicate effectively. Digital literacy, computer literacy or technological literacy all enhance a persons ability to communicate by adding another dimension to the arsenal of skills a literate person already possesses (Jones-Kavalier Flannigan, 2008) in (Catherine, 2011).The each day souring complexity of education, the rise of the information to learn, the need for qualified and modern education require the use of computers as a tool in education. The use of technology in education will provide that the education will be carried out in accordance with the needs of the era as well(p) as that the highest appropriate yield will be received from education (Kayri, Genoglu and Kayri , 2012). The computer which is one of the technological capabilities and a fundamental element of culture in our century, has become a tool which its use is rapidly spreading (Arslan, 2003 Odabasi, 2006) in (Kayri, Genoglu and Kayri, 2012).2.2 Difference between Technology Integration and Technology UseWhen use technology in the classroom, it is important to come apart between technology use and technology integration. Technology use is just the use of technology it means much more to integrate technology (Catherine, 2011). The contrast between technology use and technology integration for learning is that integration implies full-time, daily operation within lessons. Integration involves daily use of technology in reforming the everyday classroom routines (Gorder, 2008). Technology integration is not about the availa bility of technology, but more about the teachers effective use of technology that makes a inequality in reforming the classroom. The teacher is the nearly important ingredient for success when using and integrating technology (Mandell, Sorge, Russell, 2002). Beckett, Wetzel, Chishlom, Zambo, Buss, Padgett, Williams and Odom (2003) in Gorder, (2008) verbalise teachers are central to the creation of a technology-integrated environment that is learner-centered and motivating. Therefore, without teachers who can integrate technology, students exposure to technology remains limited and inequitable.Ozel, Yetkiner and Capraro (2008) in (Catherin, 2011) claim that there are five phases for properly integrating technology. These five phases employ the following questions Why should I use a technology-based method? How will I know students have learned? What teaching strategies and activities will work best? Are adequate hardware, software and technical support available? What worked wel l and what could be improved? By examining each of these questions, a teacher is not just using technology, the teacher is thoughtfully planning how technology can be used in the lesson in order to best equip the needs of the students which is integration.2.3 Impact of Technology Integration on Teachers and studentsTechnology is kindly to teachers because it addresses the need of learners with visual styles as well as of learners with special needs. Moreover, technology exposes learners to a world of information. It has also enabled some teachers to implement new teaching techniques learned through computer (U.S congress of Technology Assessment, 1995) in (Almekhafi, 2004). There are numerous researchers who have explored the area of technology integration oecumenic and have came up with reports indicating its confirmatory impact on teaching and learning for teachers using technology. These studies involve Guha, 2000 Manzo, 2001 Shelly, Bilig, Jesse Acosta (2001) Zorfass and R ivero, 2005 Almekhlafi, 2006.Guha (2000) conducted a study to investigate the personal experience of elementary school teachers using computers in the classroom. He investigated their present use of computers in the classroom, and their views on current computer use as compared to their favourite(a) use in classroom instruction. He came up with findings which reported positive correlations and significant differences between the previous training, computer practice in the classroom and comfort level of teachers and their present computer training, level of comfort, and computer usage in the classroom.Manzo (2001) also carried out a study on technology integration in an Art class. He found out that nearly of the students, who are enrolled in the Electronic Arts Class prior to enrolment, were not able to compete effectively in most of their other classes. But after experiencing the effect of technology utilization, they began to appreciate the importance of doing well in all subje cts. Also, Shelly et al. (2001) in their study examine a project name the WEB Project. The findings of their survey suggest that teachers should as they integrate technology into different areas in the academic content, emphasize the use of meta-cognitive skills, application of skills, and inquiry of learning.Almekhlafi, A.G. (2006a) in his study investigated the effect of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) on elementary-prep school students improvement in English as a extraneous language (EFL). Results from the study show evidence of the effect of CALL on learning English as a foreign language. It was discovered that a positive attitude was experienced toward CALL, it was also perceived its utility for parcel them learn EFL, and the students had a strong intention to use it in the future.The literatures, both in theory and practice, supports the idea that students learning in a companionship of learners environment using technology as a tool for learning, are able to bui ld on prior knowledge, feel success and grow to their fullest potential. It seems evident that a constructivist-learning environment allows students to experience success with the integration of technology. However, researchers charge us to recognize that technology alone cannot bring about all the needed changes in todays classrooms.2.4 Factors Affecting Teachers Level of Technology Integration legion(predicate) studies have been carried out as a result of the attention of many researchers drawn to the integration of technology at schools and factors influencing such integration. In a study on teachers who used computer technology in their instruction conducted by Bauer Kenton (2005), to investigate how much they used technology, the obstacles they had to overcome to succeed in its use, and their general issues and concerns regarding technology. It was observed that the teachers were who are highly educated and skilled with technology, were mod and adept at overcoming obstacles, but that they did not integrate technology on a consistent basis as both a teaching and learning tool. Two key issues that were noted are their students did not have enough time at computers, and that teachers needed extra planning time for technology lessons. Other concerns were outdated hardware, lack of appropriate software, technical difficulties, and student skill levels.Kotrlik Redmann (2005) examined the extent of technology integration in instruction by adult basic education teachers. The teachers used for this study are in the early stage of technology integration thereby more active in the area of exploration. The findings from the study reveals that that teachers feel some disquiet when it comes to technology integration, they perceived that they are effective in using technology careless(predicate) of whether they have integrated technology, and they are encountering barriers. As teachers perceive an increase in barriers, their integration of technology decreases als o, as the availability and increase of ICT tools, such as computers with Internet connection in the classroom and/or lab increases their level of technology integration.In a study conducted by Gulbahar (2007), investigating both student and teachers perception to illustrate how technology planning process was carried out in a private school in Turkey. Findings from the study indicated that redden teachers and administrator staff felt themselves competent in using ICT available at the school still, they reported a lack of guidelines that would lead them to successful integration. On the other hand, students reported that ICT is not utilized sufficiently in their classes.Zhao (2007) conducted a qualitative research to investigate the perspectives and experiences of teachers following technology integration training. The findings of his study indicated that teachers view towards technology integration is diverse, and this has an influence on their use of technology in the classroom. I t further reveals that willingness to use technology and positive experiences were related to teachers increased use of technology and to more creative use of technology, because most teachers who are willing to use technology, expressed positive experiences with technology integration training, increased their use of technology in the classroom, and used technology more creatively. But this did not ensure that teachers would replace their teaching with technology.2.5 Teachers Perceptions of Technology Integration and Gender DifferencesThe perspective of teachers of their understanding of technology, their utilization of instructional technology, and feelings about the support structure associated with this equipment have been examined with the findings suggesting that teachers believe technology is an integral part of the process of educating their students Almekhlafi Almeqdadi 2010. There are different literatures relating to gender differences in the technology integration. Of t hese studies include Hong Koh, 2002 Kian Chee, 2002 cream puff Xu, 2007 Aremu Fasan, 2011 Hon Alison, 2012).Gender discrepancy was studied in both classroom access and use by Hong and Koh (2002), it was found that male teachers were less vile when compared with the female teachers toward hardware. They also found that there is no significant difference in the overall level of computer anxiety of male teachers was not significantly different from the anxiety levels of female teachers. Only for the hardware anxiety domain was significant differences detected between male and female teachers.Zhou Xu (2007) conducted a study which was aimed at exploring how gender affects the process of technology adoption in post-secondary teaching. Findings from this study suggest that females had lower confidence and less experience in the use of computers in teaching. Also, they tended to learn how to use technology from others, unlike the males who were more likely to learn from their own e xperience. Also, in a study by Aremu Fasan (2011) which was aimed at investigating factors that could affect technology use and by teachers analysis from the study showed that the computer self efficacy was average for most of the teachers though female teachers have higher Computer self efficacy than male teachers.Hon Alison (2012) conducted a study which was used to examining the effect of gender difference regarding confidence toward using technology for learning in higher educational institutions. The findings of this study confirmed that male have more confidence in using technology for learning than do females because gender imbalances in work out are socially constructed and not related to a learners innate ability.2.6 Barriers Technology IntegrationThere are numerous researches that have documented a number of barriers which hinder the integration of technology. Out of these include Earle, 2002 Flores, 2002, Brinkerhof, 2006 and Almekhlafi Almeqdadi, 2010. In the study by Robert Ferries (1994) cited by Almekhlafi Almeqdadi, (2010), it was stated that barriers to technology integration included lack of knowledge of the available technological resources, time commitment, the risk associated with the use of technology and also the view of technology as an ever changing thing. According to Earle (2002), in her study, she classified the factors that affect technology integration in the classroom into two. These are alien and intrinsic. These factors are defined as restraining force to the teachers. The extrinsic factors are identified as access, available resources, support, time, and training of teachers while the restraining factors that are intrinsic are identified as teachers attitudes, beliefs, practices, and resistance.In the study of Flores (2002), it was identified that in the attempt of teachers to integrate technology in their teaching activity, they were faced by many obstacle. In addition to administrative support and time scheduling for the use of technology, equity is another important issue. The introduction of technology is particularly hard when there are few resources. This is supported by Almekhlafi Almeqdadi, (2010) where he cited Brinkerhof (2006) who grouped the restraining into four (4) main categories administrative and institutional resources and support, attitudinal or personality factors, and experience and training.CHAPTER THREERESEARCH METHODOLOGYIntroductionThis chapter highlights how the field work will be carried out. It describes the design, nature of population, sample, instruments used and how the instrument will be administered as well as analyzed.Research DesignThis study is a descriptive study which will be conducted to investigate the effect of teachers perception of instructional technology and the level at which they integrate these technologies in the process of teaching and learning.Area of StudyThe study was carried out in Lagos state.Population of StudyThe population for this study will consists of all lecturers in the tertiary institution in Lagos state with special reference to the lecturers of selected tertiary institutions in Lagos state.Sample and Sampling TechniqueThe tertiary institution in comprises of Colleges of Education, Poly-techniques, and Universities. In Lagos state, there are ____ Colleges of Education, ____ Poly Techniques, and ____ Universities out of which one will be ergodicly selected from each as a representative sample. In each of the selected schools, 60 lecturers will be selected using a purposeful random selection The sample of this study will be lecturers who will be selected using a purposefully random sampling technique. This will be the sample the questionnaire will be administered to.InstrumentationThe instrument that will be used in this study is The Mills Tincher Technology Integration Standards phase Matrix (TISCM). This is a model for determining technology integration by teachers (Mills Tincher, 2003). This instrument will consist of two sections as followsSection A Demographic dataSection B 18 Survey questions constitution of InstrumentThe instruments will be critically examined, scrutinized and amended by my executive program and experts who are experienced in area of research to ensure the hardiness its of.selective information CollectionTo answer the research questions in this study, a research tool (Technology Integration Standards Configuration Matrix (TISCM)) which was developed by Dr. Steven Mills, will be used to investigate teachers perception of technology and how they integrated technology on a daily basis. This tool will consist of a number of subthemes that will investigated teachers perceptions of their technology competencies and usage, determined how teachers integrate and use technology.Data AnalysisData gathered from questionnaire items will be analyzed using SPSS 17.0. Descriptive statistics, a multivariate analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be used. In addition , items will be analysed using Item Analysis method in order to get a deep understanding of the results from the questionnaire.