Compare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Compare - Essay Example This paper will compare and contrast the art of the Renaissance as against the art of the 20th century. I will do so by choosing two artists, one from each era and comparing and contrasting their styles on the basis of the ideas, methods, materials and media they employed. Further I will discuss at least three works of each artist to prove my point. For the purpose of this assignment I have chosen to compare and contrast the works of Michelangelo in the Renaissance Era to that of Salvador Dali in the 20th century. Both of these artists were incredibly talented and hardworking, worked on a variety of mediums and in a sense became the iconic artists of their eras. While surrealism dealt with imagery, this is no less important in the spiritual paintings of the Renaissance. The Art of the Renaissance The Renaissance can be characterized as a time during the fifteenth century in Europe when there was a rebirth or reawakening of the human mind and spirit in almost every way. Every discipli ne of importance was affected, including art. The Early Renaissance started in Italy round about the year 1400. It can be said that the Renaissance took Europe from the medieval times to the modern ages. All art forms like sculpture, paintings and even decorative art of this period bear some similar and distinctive characteristics that indicate the change in thinking as well as the creation of new artistic sensibilities. Among the prominent artists of the Renaissance are Titian, Raphael, Michelangelo, Bellini, Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Boticelli. The opening work of this era is characterized by the bronze doors of the Baptistry of the Florentine cathedral designed by Lorenzo Ghiberti. Its culmination may be seen in the work on the Sistine Chapel done by Perugino, Ghirlandaio, Boticelli and Rosselli through their frescoes depicting the Life of Christ and the life of Moses. The Art of the 20th Century Twentieth century art had its beginnings in the movement towards modernism from t he late 19th century. It is also called Modern Art. Its beginnings lie in Art Nouveau and Post Impressionism. The art of the 20th century espoused many forms and used a variety of mediums. It was characterized at various times by Cubism, Fauvism, Dadaism and Futurism. Prominent among the artists of the 20th century are Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, Andy Warhol, Jackson Pollock and Damien Hirst. Each of these artists has used a different medium and some a variety of mediums to express their feelings and ideas. Ideas, Methods, Materials and Media Michelangelo was a versatile artist and a great painter and sculptor. He is said to have been a keen observer of the human body and even studied corpses for anatomical details. The results are clearly evident in his sculptures of the Pieta and David, classical masterpieces completed before he was thirty years old. Michelangelo studied painting under Domenico Ghirlandaio and sculpture under Bertoldo di Giovanni and emerged as one of their best pupils before embarking on his own career as an artist. He fashioned works of art out of wood, marble and stone, besides painting numerous frescoes. His work on the Sistine Chapel which took four years to complete (1508-12) and Pope Julius’s Tomb which due to various interruptions was completed in forty years remain outstanding as some of the hallmarks of Renaissance work (Hibbard, 48). Salvador Dali who was

Critically analyse the problems involved in Police use of discretion Essay

Critically analyse the problems involved in Police use of discretion - Essay Example In simple terms the use of discretion by police refers to their action and ability to choose when to intervene and when not to intervene in the enforcement of law. Reiner regarded discretion as a particular tool in police organisation to be used by officers at the very ground level who are operating away from the immediate supervision of management This paper shall critically analyse the problems involved in the police use of discretion. It shall specifically discuss the practice of ethnic and other subjective considerations in routine stops and searches, the evaluation of domestic violence incidents, and similar police activities.The use of discretion is far greater in the police, even at their lowest levels, as compared to other organizations. This means that the constables in police enjoy more discretion than any other organisation even in police organisation. This is because the constables have direct interaction with the public while policing and patrolling2. Issues have now com e up in relation to police officers and their need to apply discretion in their activities. Various factors have to be considered in order for the police to decide how much effort is needed in order to enforce specific laws which help control lawlessness. It is also important to note how a comprehensive police guidance detailing the manner of discretion which may be applied in specific circumstances can actually be insufficient for police officers to apply in order to avoid abuse of discretion. In these cases, it is difficult to include all the scenarios where discretion may be utilized in a single book. Moreover, even racial discrimination against racial and ethnic minorities may lead to a misuse of discretion. Nevertheless, according to Goldstein, there are no set rules or even a rule-book to follow for police officers to follow in handling police encounters3. Police officers cannot also be instructed on how to handle specific situations because most of their activities are part o f routine policing where they often work away from supervisory authorities. Body There are various issues which are seen with the use of discretion. One of the issues is based on the fact that police officers may not have as much experience in policing and this may sometimes lead them to misuse their discretion in the apprehension of suspected criminals4. Moreover, their discretion may be affected by factors which include the inappropriate use of subjective and demographic factors to impact on their decisions as police officers. These factors may include racial or ethnic minority and in some cases, even gender. Newburn and Reiner discuss that the pattern of police discretion which lead to issues in its application is fashioned by different elements including class, race, gender, and age5. These factors often cause society to manifest various responses to police officers. Vulnerable people and the minority groups are often subjected to the unfair applications of police discretion. St udies establish that this discretion is often abused among young, black, lower class, and among males6. Patrolling among police officers on these individuals often include strict surveillance which often leads to abuse of discretion. This negative approach in the use of discretion often causes a very negative approach against the police. In a study by the Home Office, black people have a higher likelihood of being pulled over by the police officers for routine stops and searches7. Police officers seem to be highly influenced by the stereotypes about black people being criminals or offenders. In a discussion by author and criminal analyst Frank Remington, he acknowledged the fact that police officers must have a significant role in moulding and establishing a proper law enforcement process for the general population8. He compared the Federal Trade Commission, which is an administrative agency who has the responsibility of developing enforcement policies, and the local police departme nts